Types of Personal Bankruptcy

The Bankruptcy Code is divided into chapters. The chapters which almost always apply to consumer debtors are chapter 7, known as a "straight bankruptcy", and chapter 13, which involves an affordable plan of repayment. An important feature applicable to all types of bankruptcy filings is the automatic stay. The automatic stay means that the mere request for bankruptcy protection automatically stops and brings to a grinding halt most lawsuits, repossessions, foreclosures, evictions, garnishments, attachments, utility shut-offs, and debt collection harassment.

Chapter 7

In a chapter 7 case, the bankruptcy court appoints a trustee to examine the debtor's assets to determine if there are any assets not protected by available "exemptions". Exemptions are laws that allow a debtor to keep certain types and amounts of money and property. For example, exemption laws allows a debtor to protect a certain amount of equity in the debtor's residence, car, household goods, life insurance, health aids, retirement plans, specified future earnings such as social security benefits, child support, and alimony, and certain other types of personal property. If there is any non-exempt property, it is the Trustee's job to sell it and to distribute the proceeds to the unsecured creditors. Although a liquidation case can rarely help with secured debt (the secured creditor still has the right to repossess the collateral if the debtor falls behind in the monthly payments), the debtor will be discharged from the legal obligation to pay unsecured debts such as credit card debts, medical bills and utility arrearages. However, certain types of unsecured debt are allowed special treatment and cannot be discharged including some student loans, alimony, child support, criminal fines, and some taxes. There are also attorney fees and a filing fee that must be paid to the Bankruptcy Court.

Chapter 13

In a chapter 13 case, the debtor puts forward a plan, following the rules set forth in the bankruptcy laws, to repay certain creditors over a period of time, usually from future income. A chapter 13 case may be a better option in that the debtor is allowed to get caught up on mortgages or car loans without the threat of foreclosure or repossession, and is allowed to keep both exempt and nonexempt property. The debtor's plan is a document describing to the bankruptcy court how the debtor proposes to dispose of the claims of the debtor's creditors. The debtor's property is protected from seizure from creditors, including mortgage and other lien holders, as long as the proposed payments are made and necessary insurance coverages remain in place. The plan generally requires monthly payments to the bankruptcy trustee over a period of three to five years. Arrangements can be made to have these payments made automatically through payroll deductions. Additional information about chapter 13 is available at the Site. In addition there are attorney fees and a filing fee that must be paid to the Bankruptcy Court.